The Frankfort Miracle
The  Medicine Woman of the Oneida Indian Nation
Cordy Max Cs-4
The Herbal Bullet
 Arf Arf ArfTime For My Herbs
Herbal Comeback
Harry Potter and Professor Snape
The Three Questions??
Root of Asphodel to an infusion of Wormwood?
The difference between Monkshood and Wolfsbane?
What is a bezoar?
Botanical Medicine
Autumn Crocus->
Periwinkle->
Mayapple->
Pacific yew tree->
Foxglove->
Chincona bark->
Colchicine
Vincristine
VP-16
Paclitaxel
Digoxin
Quinine
Herbal Terms
Herb
Phytomedicine
Phytochemical
Adaptogen
Phytochemicals
Alkaloids
Lactones
Tannins
Anthocyanidins
Salin
Terpenes
Chorophyll
Hypericin
Quercetin
Saponins
Triterpenoids
Gingerols
Isothiocyanates
Bioflavonoids
Monoterpins
Carotenoids
Plant sterols
Isoflavonoids
German Commission E
European use of herbals widespread
1978 expert panel assembled by the German Federal Health Agency
Reviewed herbals for reasonable certainty of efficacy and absolute safety
300 herbs and herbal combinations examined
The Comeback of Herbal Therapy
Herbal History
Medicine man/woman Shaman
Colonial America
1800’s
Civil War
1910 Flexner Report
Herbal History
WW II
1970s Euell Gibbons
1980s Big Business
1994 DSHEA
Present-Bigger Business
Regulatory History of Medicinals
Before 1990    Herbs are sole source of                     medicine
1906        Federal Foods and Drug Act of                 1906 established minimal                     standards of strength, purity,                 quality
1938        Safety requirements established
1951        Prescription Vs. Non-Prescription             established
Regulatory History of Medicinals
1962     Efficacy requirements established. FDA             assumed medicinal regulation from the             Federal Trade Commission
1994     Dietary Supplement Health and                 Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)                 classified herbal products as “dietary             supplements”
Herbal Confusion
Standardization (lack of)
Problems assessing quality
Evidence of efficacy
Who is the Expert?
Ethics
Herbal Hazards
Manufacturing Hazards (adulteration)
Direct hazards:Products to Avoid or Use Cautiously
Comfrey, Chaparrel, Kava, Ephedra, Royal jelly
Hazards Introduced by the Consumer
Herbal Controversy
    Alternative            Traditional
    Complementary        Conventional
    Natural                Standard                           Allopathic
  Integrative
Dr. Andrew Weil
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act(DSHEA)1994
DSHEA 1994
Labeling claims can be made without  submitting evidence to FDA
FDA cannot remove a product from the market unless the product is proven to pose a serious or unreasonable risk to consumers
Pharmaceuticals must demonstrate a significant degree of safety/efficacy before coming to market