The Human Genome Project
It’s goal is to sequence all of the DNA on each gene in the human body.
90,000 genes…..6 billion bases
Selective Breeding
Allowing those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation, humans have produced many different breeds of dogs.
Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.
Horses, cats, farm animals, plants
Hybridization
Luther Burbank selective bred plants and developed the disease-resistant potato, using hybridization.
Fight against Irish potato famine.
Developed Shasta Daisy.
Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
Ensures that the characteristics that make each breed unique are preserved.
Beagles, poodles, golden retrievers.
Because genetically similar, greater chance of recessive disorders.
Increasing Variation
Breeders increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.
Produce new kinds of bacteria that are useful. Oil spills.
Produce new kinds of plants.
Polyploidy- more robust plants
Manipulating DNA
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules.
Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, cut DNA into smaller pieces, identify the sequence of bases, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.
Genetic Engineering- Making changes in DNA code of a living organism.
DNA Extraction- cells opened and the DNA is separated. (Banana lab)
Cutting DNA- restriction enzymes (EcoR I), cuts DNA at specific sequence.
Separating DNA- gel electrophoresis.
A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to gel. Neg. charged particles move towards pos. end. Smaller parts move furthest.
Using DNA Sequences
Study specific genes
Compare with genes of other organisms.
Discover functions of different genes and gene combinations.
Cutting and Pasting
Recombinant DNA- DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.